This paper is in two parts. The first covers the evolution of dredging leading to the development of the NZ type' large dredge and the second, current alluvial gold recovery practice in NZ._x000D_
NZ was the first country in the world to adapt the bucket-ladder dredge to alluvial gold recovery. Between 1857 and 1907, gold worth (at today's NZ price of about NZ$600/ounce*) over $11 billion was exported - from a country with well under one million people at that time. Over 200 small dredges operated, mostly on the Clutha River, around the turn of the century, however by 1940, only 20 or so large machines remained, and the last of these, the 4000 ton 'Kanieri' ceased operations three years ago._x000D_
Recently recognition of the superior digging power of the hydraulic backhoe and reintroduction of the simple 'trommel and riffle' plant with about 80 m3 /hour capacity has led to a proliferation of static and floating plants, there being at least 50 currently in operation on the West Coast and in Otago. There are signs however, that the process of evolution of such small unsophisticated plants into larger, more efficient units has begun again._x000D_
* At the time of writing (October 1984) NZ$l. 00 = US 50. NZ dollarsare used throughout this paper.