Mining had a very considerable effect on the country's development. The visual evidence remaining is an integral part of New Zealand history. Early mining for manganese and copper in the 1840s was succeeded by alluvial gold rushes. These gave way to hard rock extraction, hydraulic elevation and dredging. Coal mining dating from the 1850s was fairly widespread._x000D_
Other minerals were obtained on a small scale. Manufacture of mining machinery stimulated industrial engineering enterprises. Schools of mines played a significant part in advancing technical skills and several remain as museums._x000D_
Surviving mine structures and site relics are part of the industrial heritage signifying the technological and economic development of a small isolated nation. Some of these are described. Identification, recording and preservation where practicable is advocated.