The Mine to Mill' concept is not new. In fact, it is the underlying objective of every mine. Unfortunately, in many operations the management structure and reporting systems have created independent businesses' within the overall mining enterprise. This has created incentives to optimise the performance of each component of the operation rather than the enterprise as a whole. The Mine to Mill Conference organised by The AusIMM in October 1998 documented a number of case studies where run of mine ore was not presented to the mill in the best possible form for subsequent stages of comminution and processing. A number of examples were quoted where modest expenditure in the mine had a very significant impact on downstream process efficiency and hence costs. Examples included:the minimisation of fines in the mining and handling of iron ore;the management of fines in blasting and crushing for a copper heap leach operation;the control of blast damage, mining recovery and dilution in open cut coal operations; andthe optimisation of mine fragmentation to increase mill throughput in gold and copper operations. The latter topic has been trialed at a number of mines and is referred to as Mine to Mill' fragmentation. A number of Mine to Mill' type investigations have been reported in the literature including Pease et al, Simkus and Dance, Nielsen, Scott et al, Kojovic et al, Kanchibotla et al, Bulow et al and Hawkes from the 1998 Mine to Mill Conference. In addition, a number of studies are in progress or the results have yet to be published. These studies have demonstrated the feasibility of obtaining the data required to characterise the breakage behaviour of ores and to model the impact of changes to blasting practices on process efficiency. Characterising the breakage behaviour of ores is a vital step in the management of fragmentation and comminution in mines. The characteristics of importance to fragmentation fall outside the parameters conventionally required to describe the economic geology of a deposit. Mine to Mill' optimisation of fragmentation means that the mining engineer needs information from the geologist in order to be able to help the metallurgist. Providing this information requires close interaction between these groups.