The lunar subsurface, particularly the lava tubes formed by ancient volcanic activity, presents a
promising environment for establishing safe and sustainable human habitats on the Moon. Tunnel
Boring Machines (TBMs), widely used for excavating tunnels on Earth, offer a potential solution for
developing these subsurface spaces. However, the unique lunar conditions, including extreme
temperatures, high vacuum, radiation, and the extraordinary strength and abrasiveness of lunar
rocks, necessitate significant adaptations to existing TBM technology. This study investigates the
feasibility of utilising TBMs for lunar subsurface exploration and base construction, addressing the
challenges posed by the harsh lunar environment. We review previous conceptual designs for lunar
TBMs, highlighting their strengths and limitations in addressing these challenges. Additionally, we
explore innovative excavation methods, such as microwave-assisted rock weakening and
undercutting techniques, to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of lunar TBM operations. By
evaluating the geological characteristics of the lunar crust and analysing the potential of lava tubes
as launching points for TBM operations, this study provides a comprehensive assessment of the
technical requirements and operational considerations for lunar TBM implementation. The findings
of this research contribute to the growing body of knowledge on lunar base development and pave
the way for future human exploration and utilisation of the Moon’s subsurface resources.