Several types of drainage structure provide cost-effective environmental controls for water supply to Charters Towers and its mining industry. Drainage groves maintain bank-levee, channel, pool, and spring structures. Failure of drainage structures leads to anoxic fermentation of channel fill releasing residues, such as arsenic, which would otherwise pass harmlesly by fixed on sedimentary particles._x000D_
Experiments along drainage structures indicate that productive agroforestry could be integrated with expeditious development of groves to cope with environmental change.