Copper-gold deposits associated with iron oxide rich rocks (ironstones) form a distinctive and significant ore association which occurs widely, but not exclusively, in the Proterozoic._x000D_
The ironstone association is geochemically distinct from the BIF-hosted gold association (Phillips and Groves, 1983). Not only is the former association higher in its copper and commonly uranium, FEE, bismuth, molybdenum contents, but also the ironstones in many cases do not originate as chemical sediments. Although both associations form in metamorphic environs, they reflect differing tectonostratigraphic settings and with consequent differences in ore-forming fluids and ore-forming mechanisms._x000D_
This paper discusses the nature and origin of the ironstone-related copper-gold association, with particular reference to the Tennant Creek district in northern Australia, and emphasises the two stage origin of mineralisation. The genetic model developed has significant implications for other ore-bearing environments.