In the context of sustainable development, the Minerals Council of Australia (2010) states that investments in minerals projects should be financially profitable, technically appropriate, environmentally sound and socially responsible'. In other words, the business of mining can only be sustained if these criteria are met._x000D_
Science and technology plays a major role in all four of these criteria. This paper will present the technology and innovation emerging from the Minerals Down Under National Research Flagship which brings together CSIRO and more than ten of Australia's leading universities to work with industry to drive efficiency, productivity and environmental performance. This work is required if the Australian minerals sector is to thrive and continue to deliver national benefit in the face of increased global competition, declining ore grades, depleting ore deposits, increasingly constrained national resources (land, energy, water and people) and changing societal expectations._x000D_
Science and technology to reduce emissions and water use, discover greenfields resources, enable deeper mining operations and transform mineral processing are described. Technology is presented as an enabler of sustainability: a means to this end but not as an end in its own right._x000D_
FORMAL CITATION:Lilly, P A and Littleboy, A K, 2010. A sustainable minerals sector in Australia? Thoughts from a science and technology perspective, in Proceedings Sustainable Mining 2010, pp 1-9 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).